African Multidisciplinary Journal of Research

Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya

Mary Wangui Mbugua — 2025-12-13

Corporate governance plays a vital role in influencing firm performance through transparency and disclosure, board structure and effectiveness, shareholder rights and protections, and audit and risk oversight. Effective governance remains a persistent challenge, particularly in environments with diverse stakeholders, managerial complexity, and agency conflicts. This study aimed to assess the association among corporate governance, CSR and performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Precisely, the study sought to establish the mediating role of corporate social responsibility in the association between corporate governance and performance of commercial banks in Kenya. This study was anchored in stewardship and stakeholder theories and the Balanced Scorecard. The study adopted a positivist philosophy with an explanatory research design and a deductive approach. A census survey was conducted targeting all 38 licensed commercial banks in Kenya, focusing on chief executive officers who are familiar with governance practices and performance metrics. Data was collected through structured questionnaires, being the primary data, while sources from audited financial reports of 2024 were secondary data. The findings provided robust empirical support for stewardship theory, stakeholder theory, and the balanced scorecard framework, affirming that both financial and non-financial metrics are shaped by governance quality and socially responsible conduct. The study concluded that the results are consistent with the balance score card framework, the third objective aligns with stewardship theory, while CSR affirmed the study and also reinforced the strategic utility of the balance score card framework. The study recommended that a proposal be developed to inform and guide regulatory bodies in strengthening the governance framework for commercial banks in Kenya, and to develop training and certification programs for board members, aligning with stewardship theory. The study contributed theoretically by extending corporate governance theories within a banking context; empirically by applying a full census SEM approach; methodologically by integrating both financial and non – financial metrics; and practically by offering actionable insights for corporate governance reform.

Children's Health Outcomes Associated with Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): A Systematic Review of Empirical Gaps Related to Diarrhoea in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Humphrey Buradi Zadock — 2025-12-13

Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) mandates global action to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all. However, child mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains alarmingly high due to inadequate access to clean water, hygiene, and sanitation. This systematic review critically examines empirical research linking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access to child health outcomes across LMICs, aiming to identify key empirical gaps related to diarrhoea, child development and stunting, and acute infections. A systematic literature review, conducted in June 2025 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, searched databases including Taylor & Francis, EBSCOhost, and PubMed. Of 230 initial records, 48 empirical studies met the inclusion criteria of focusing on primary research examining children’s health outcomes. Data were analyzed thematically to categorize dependent variables and assess research trends. Findings revealed a disproportionate focus on diarrhoea, which accounted for 62.5% of all dependent variables, underscoring its enduring global health significance. Child development and stunting accounted for 29.17%, while acute infections were the least studied (8.33%), exposing substantial research gaps. Geographically, studies were heavily concentrated in Ethiopia (29.0%) and India (25.8%), followed by Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Nepal. Most research targeted children under five (83.3%), highlighting their vulnerability. “Specific WASH Components” (e.g., water supply, sanitation, handwashing) emerged as the most common independent variables. Significant theoretical, methodological, and empirical gaps were identified: 92.6% of studies lacked explicit theoretical frameworks, most relied on cross-sectional designs, and 96.6% failed to examine mediating or moderating variables. These limitations hinder understanding of the causal pathways linking WASH to child health outcomes. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs, integrate theoretical and socio-cultural determinants, and systematically explore mediating mechanisms to strengthen causal inference and inform effective, context-specific policies supporting SDG 3 targets.

Effects of Insecurity on Community Well-Being: A Case Study of Peri-Urban Communities, Marietta and Marombo, Near St. Paul’s University in Kiambu, Kenya

Elvis Washingtone — 2025-12-13

This study investigates the effects of insecurity on community well-being in the peri-urban areas of Marietta and Marombo near St. Paul’s University in Kiambu County, Kenya. It highlights a research gap in the study of peri-urban communities adjacent to universities, contrasting global contexts of insecurity, such as Syria’s civil war, with local urban crime in Kenya. The study pursues four key objectives: categorizing types of insecurity, evaluating well-being programs, assessing their impacts, and proposing solutions, framed by Social Disorganization Theory. The literature review examines forms of insecurity, petty crime, youth gangs, and gender-based violence, as well as well-being initiatives such as Nyumba Kumi, a Kenyan community policing program. It underscores their global, regional, and local relevance while identifying the lack of research on Kenya’s peri-urban settings. The methodology adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 12 participants, focus group discussions with 32 participants across four groups, and key informant interviews with 3 participants. Thematic analysis of data from residents, students, and community leaders reveals that socio-economic inequalities alleviate insecurity, leading to psychological distress, reduced social cohesion, and economic challenges. Nyumba Kumi’s effectiveness varies due to trust and resource limitations. Proposed solutions include community-based interventions, such as youth programs, and policy measures, such as enhanced street lighting. The study concludes that insecurity severely undermines community well-being and advocates integrated strategies: strengthening community policing, upgrading infrastructure, fostering economic growth, and enhancing social bonds. Recommendations include improving Nyumba Kumi, installing surveillance systems, and promoting vocational training. It suggests future research on long-term impacts, intervention effectiveness, university contributions, and gender perspectives. This dissertation offers actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to build safer, more resilient communities around St. Paul’s University, enriching Kenya’s urban security discourse.

Foundational Literacy, Numeracy and Life Skills for Sustainable Development Education in Fragile Contexts with a Focus on Kenya’s Education System

Helen M. Musyoka — 2025-12-13

The realization of the goals of Vision 2030 for Kenya and Agenda 2063 for Africa’s Sustainable Development requires more than a policy commitment. This requires rethinking of how people learn from the earliest stages of life. This paper will examine the essential role of foundational learning, including literacy, numeracy, and life skills, as an entry point into meaningful Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). It has three critical aims: (1) to help identify literacy and numeracy as a direct catalyst for considering ways to improve SDG alignment, (2) to determine how sustainability is embedded in the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) for Kenya, and (3) to consider foundational education policies in the most marginalised areas. The paper will also support the conference sub-theme, 'Re-conceptualising Sustainable Development Goals for today's challenges and tomorrow's possibilities’, focusing on re-thinking the importance of foundational literacy, numeracy and life skills in reducing educational fragility and promoting sustainability both in Kenya and beyond. Foundational education is preparatory and supports the cognitive, socio-emotional, and normative capacities needed to learn and become a responsible global citizen. According to current reports from international learning assessments, there is a disturbing trend: globally, more than 70% of children under 10 in low- and middle-income countries cannot read or comprehend even a simple text. This is a challenge to personal and economic development and the realization of the broader goal of sustainable development. Foundational literacy and numeracy are critical to improving cognitive development, health and well-being, environmental awareness, civic engagement, and gender equality, which are critical to sustainable societies. Children need not only academic skills for further reasoning but also the attitudes and behaviours for a significantly changing world. Such can be achieved by embedding sustainability themes, based on climate and health, empathy, hygiene, and equity, into early learning. This paper argues that foundational learning is a key, particularly if specifically focused on basic education for all (EFA), education for sustainable lifestyles, global citizenship and the SDGs. Drawing on a collection of global case examples of curriculum innovations and implementation frameworks, this paper showcases that nurturing sustainability at the base of education systems is not only possible but inevitable.

Innovative Business Leadership Strategies for Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World

Mary Wangui Mbugua — 2025-12-13

In this period of rapid technological shifts, climate imperatives, and socioeconomic volatility, business leadership must evolve beyond traditional paradigms to foster long-term, sustainable success. This paper explores innovative leadership strategies that will support organizations to drive sustainable development but remain resilient and adaptive in a dynamic global environment. It emphasizes a purpose-driven, systems-oriented strategies that embed environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into the central operations and decision-making of the business. The study will identify and analyze forward-thinking leadership practices, including stakeholder capitalism, adoption of the circular economy, inclusive decision-making, and digital transformation for sustainability. By fostering agility, ethical governance, and collaborative innovation, these strategies empower leaders to not only navigate uncertainty but also create enduring value for society and the planet. The objectives of this study were to examine how innovative leadership models align with the values of sustainable development; identify the key competencies and mindsets required for effective leadership in rapidly changing environments, evaluate the impact of stakeholder engagement and inclusive governance on business sustainability; recommend practical models that embed sustainability into strategic decision-making and overall organizational culture. The significance of this study will bridge the gap between traditional leadership practices and contemporary sustainability demands, offering insights that can guide organizations toward long-term resilience and ethical growth. Anticipated findings suggest that organizations led by visionary, flexible, and sustainability-oriented leaders are more likely to foster innovation, gain a competitive advantage, and maintain stakeholder trust in volatile markets. Furthermore, this study pointed out the significance of leadership agility and collaborative ecosystems in driving transformative change across industries. These findings aim to contribute to both academic and practical frameworks for leadership development in sustainable business contexts.

Opportunity Recognition and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Small and Medium Food Manufacturing Enterprises in Kenya

Elizabeth Kimaru — 2025-12-13

Small and medium-sized manufacturing businesses (SMEs) are essential to any nation's economic development. They generate revenue, create new employment possibilities, foster competitiveness, and introduce innovation. Nevertheless, despite their substantial contribution, SMEs confront a number of obstacles and limitations that prevent or limit their ability to maintain an ongoing competitive advantage. Opportunity recognition has been found to be the missing component of successful entrepreneurship. This study sought to ascertain the sustained competitive advantage of Kenyan food manufacturing SMEs impacted by entrepreneurial awareness, opportunity identification, opportunity recognition, and internal communication. In order to examine the causal link between opportunity detection skills and the sustained competitive advantage of SMEs in Kenyan food manufacturing, the study used an explanatory research technique. 106 owners of 123 SMEs registered with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers under the food and beverage subsector provided quantitative primary data, yielding an 86% response rate. According to the regression model, ORS strongly predicted the SCA of Kenyan SMEs involved in food production (β = 0.631 t = 6.355, p<.05). This suggests that SCA rises by 0.631 for every unit increase in ORS. As a component of EC, ORS had a considerable impact on the SCA of SMEs in Kenyan food production, according to the OLS results, which demonstrate that the influence of ORS on SCA is statistically significant. According to the report, opportunity identification training platforms should be made available to small and medium-sized enterprises. The primary goal should be to identify opportunities in a changing environment.

Perceived Influence of Personal Guidance and Counseling Services on Dropout Risk Factors in Public Secondary Schools in Mbeere North, Embu County, Kenya

Stanley Muriithi Nyaga — 2025-12-13

Dropping out of school can predispose young people to a range of negative consequences like unemployment, crime and missed opportunities. Although proper guidance and counseling (G&C) can help students deal with common socioemotional and psychological problems, subsequently strengthening their resolve to remain in school, the dropout rate among students in Mbeere North continues to rise. This paper explores the influence of personal G&C services on the risk factors associated with dropout rate among students in public secondary schools in Mbeere North, Embu, Kenya, as perceived by the participants. Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy and General Strain Theory provided the theoretical underpinning. A descriptive survey research design with a mixed methods approach was adopted. A population of 5,972, comprising 5,784 Form 2 to Form 4 students from 47 schools, 47 principals, 47 G&C teachers, and 94 Form 4 class teachers, was targeted. A sample of 375 participants was determined through Yamane’s formula. Through a systematic random technique, 15 schools were selected, while 15 principals, 15 G&C teachers, and 30 Form 4 class teachers were identified through purposive sampling. Three hundred and fifteen students were selected through a simple random procedure. Quantitative data was obtained from students through semi-structured questionnaires, with interview schedules being administered to the key informants. Descriptive statistics, constituting measures of central tendency, frequency distribution, and variability, were employed for quantitative data, while thematic content analysis was used for qualitative data. Positive perceptions of personal G&C services were linked to fewer dropout risk factors. The correlation coefficients yielded an inverse relationship between personal G&C services and school dropout risk factors (r (309) = -.16, P .003). The paper recommends that government policy should be clear across all public schools to require the implementation of personal G&C services. Therefore, personal G&C services are effective in addressing risk factors associated with school dropout among public secondary school students and should be embraced.

Secondary School Education Preservice Teachers’ Experiences with Context-Based Structured Reflective Practice: A Case Study at St. Paul’s University, Kenya

Suleiman Mwangi Kairu — 2025-12-13

Teacher quality has long been a challenge and a subject of research interest in Kenya. The teacher education models used to train teachers in Kenya have been criticized for failing to produce the calibre of teachers needed in basic education classrooms. The shift from Kenya’s 8-4-4 system to Competency-Based Education (CBE) has exacerbated the situation. CBE requires teacher education that prepares preservice teachers with new approaches that encourage creativity and the relevant skills for effective teaching. Reflective practice, known for promoting lifelong learning and professional growth, is inconsistently applied across institutions. This study looked at secondary school preservice teachers’ experiences with a Context-based Structured Reflective Practice (CBSRP) model. Twenty-three third-year undergraduates at St. Paul’s University filled in reflective diaries for ten weeks and took part in four biweekly focus group discussions. Thematic and narrative analysis, done within an interpretivist framework, showed that CBSRP encouraged professional growth through critical evaluation of teaching strategies, better lesson planning, intentionality, flexibility, responsiveness to learners, critical thinking, communication, subject mastery, teamwork, peer support, and mentorship. The findings emphasize the need for adoption of a well-structured context-based reflective practice model in teacher education, capacity building in reflective practice for secondary school preservice teachers, and Inclusion of a structured and well-planned school mentorship programme for secondary school preservice teachers during TP.

Strategic Communication and Emerging Technologies: Reimagining SDG Progress in Inclusive Education and Employment in Kenya

Rahab Kamotho — 2025-12-13

This study explored the intersection of strategic communication and emerging technologies in advancing sustainable development goal (SDG) progress, specifically focused on inclusive education (SDG 4). The paper analyzed the existing literature on the concepts to understand how strategic communication, leveraged through technological advancements, can dismantle barriers to access and participation for marginalized groups in education in Kenya. The objectives of the study included; to investigate the role of strategic communication in shaping positive narratives in education, to analyze the role of strategic communication in fostering supportive environments within educational institutions and to find out the challenges associated with the adoption of emerging technologies in university education. The study was guided by theories that highlight the importance of participatory design principles, ensuring that technological interventions are co-created with the communities they intend to serve, and that strategic communication strategies are sensitive and contextually relevant to leaners. The study adopted the desktop research methodology and reviewed related literature on the topic based on the study objectives outlined. The review examined how emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR) was being utilized to personalize learning experiences and provide accessible educational resources for learners in the universities in Kenya. It is anticipated that the study findings will offer recommendations for policymakers, educators, and development partners, on the need for collaborative efforts to leverage strategic communication and emerging technologies to create a truly inclusive and equitable education system that empowers all Kenyan children and contributes meaningfully to SDG 4 progress.

The Role of Government Policies in Interoperability Standards for Laboratory Information Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis Literature Review

Rufus Karanja Nyaga — 2025-12-13

There are several benefits of interoperability in Laboratory Information Systems (LIS) in public health. They include enhanced data management, continuous data exchange, enhanced disease tracking, and better decision-making. Although Policies like the Kenya Health Act, the Data Protection Act, and the Kenya Health Information Systems Interoperability Framework have been developed by the Kenyan government to support LIS integration, there are areas such as inadequate execution procedures, disjointed health information systems, inadequate funding, and privacy concerns that still hinder advancement in execution. The study's approach focuses on the role government policies play in guiding LIS interoperability standards. More so, it assesses international top practices and points out the policy gaps that exist in Kenya and emphasizes any evolving challenges. This research includes a bibliometric analysis and literature review of the government policies that influence LIS interoperability between 2016 and 2024. Based on 82 peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, we examine publication trends, influential authors and institutions, citation networks, and regional scope. The analysis is informed by Data Management Theory (DMT), which calls for governance models to shape organizations. According to the findings, relevant policies exist; however, implementation and funding remain inadequate. The findings suggest increased scholarly interest in LIS interoperability, as well as a gradual shift from technical-oriented literature to policy-related debates. Nevertheless, Africa is underrepresented in high-impact papers, albeit with considerable innovations on a field level. The results further indicate inadequate empirical assessments of policy impact, weak public-private partnerships, and a lack of long-term policy evaluations. Further research ought to focus on fruitful case studies of LIS integration, customizing international standards to the Kenyan setting, and investigating the use of emerging technologies, for example, AI and blockchain, to boost interoperability standards in public health healthcare laboratory systems.

A Scoping Review of the Contribution of Microfinance on Women Empowerment in Low and Middle-Income Countries

Fredrick Kamau Gacheru — 2025-12-13

Microfinance is a key strategy in global development, especially in advancing gender equity. Women constitute approximately 81% of microfinance borrowers because of their repayment reliability and prioritization of household welfare. This scoping review assessed the extent to which microfinance contributes to women’s empowerment by synthesizing empirical evidence, identifying gaps, and proposing directions for future research. The review followed PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted across five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EconLit, and Business Source Premier) using Boolean logic with thematic and geographic filters. From an initial 500 studies, 300 were retained after title and abstract screening, and 150 underwent full-text review. The inclusion criteria included quantitative and mixed methods with inferential statistics, wholly qualitative were excluded and the final draft yielded 28 articles. The review employed descriptive statistics and thematic coding. Findings show that women’s empowerment was the most researched outcome (n=20), followed by economic empowerment (n=5), focusing on income, assets, and enterprise sustainability. Social empowerment (n=2) and decision-making power (n=1) were the least examined. Geographically, studies were concentrated in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal) and East Africa, with Kenya accounting for the highest representation, with 60% occurring in East Africa. The most applied theory was Kabeer’s Empowerment Framework, often linked with Feminist Economics for overall empowerment outcomes. Human Capital Theory and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework were prominent in economic empowerment studies, while Social Capital Theory was used to explain social empowerment. The main target populations were rural and peri-urban low-income women, particularly married women engaged in group-based lending such as Self-Help Groups. For economic empowerment, the population focus was primarily on women microentrepreneurs (60%), with smaller proportions of married women in rural microcredit programs (20%) and women-owned SMEs (20%) . Across all outcomes, the most studied independent variable (IV) was access to microfinance or participation in microcredit programs, while other IVs included group lending participation, education, and financial literacy. The review identified some key gaps. Theoretically, there is overreliance on linear empowerment models with little integration of psychological or institutional frameworks, while contextually West and North Africa, Latin America are underrepresented and marginalized groups such as widows and women with disabilities are underexplored. Methodologically, studies are dominated by cross-sectional, self-reported designs with limited longitudinal or quasi-experimental studies, and empirically, there is weakness in tracking sustainability of empowerment gains, especially in political participation and psychological well-being. Future research should adopt mixed-methods and longitudinal designs, expand theoretical foundations to include intersectional and institutional perspectives, and focus on underrepresented populations. Policy interventions should move beyond credit provision to integrate financial services with training, rights awareness, and market linkages that strengthen women’s long-term empowerment.

The Influence of Stakeholder Feedback on Image Management of Organizations: A Case Study of the Nakuru County Government

Elizabeth Wangui Gitonga — 2025-12-13

In contemporary organizational environments, stakeholder feedback has become indispensable to effective image and reputation management. This study aimed at identifying and categorizing distinct forms of stakeholder input used by the Nakuru County Government in its image management efforts, evaluating the degree of integration of stakeholder input in the Nakuru County Government’s image management strategies and assessing the correlation between stakeholder feedback trends and public perception of the Nakuru County Government’s image for the past five years. The study was anchored on the public relations theory. The study adopted mixed research design. The research targeted a variety of stakeholder from Nakuru County Government. Stratified Random Sampling and purposive sampling were used. The sample size was 157 respondents. A sample size of 12 key informants who included 6 internal stakeholders (County officials), 6 external stakeholders was also used. There was 1 FGDs involving the three groups of stakeholders. Each group had a total number of ten respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussions. Quantitative data from questionnaires were analyzed using statistical software using descriptive analysis to get the percentages and frequencies. Qualitative data collected from interviews and focus group discussions was transcribed and analyzed thematically. Results showed that 51.2% of the respondents rated the current image of the Nakuru County Government among the public as fair while 24.4% rated it as good. Further, 75.6% of the respondents indicated that stakeholder feedback has improved the County Government’s image significantly. The study concludes that Nakuru County’s public image is moderately positive, with improvements in services. To enhance perception, it should strengthen responsiveness, transparency, and communication. Implementing structured feedback systems, equitable community engagement, and performance indicators will boost accountability and trust, ensuring inclusive development and a consistently credible public image.

Re-imagined SDG Framework (Equity-First, Tech-Enabled) Business Leadership

Dorcus Watitu Mugo — 2025-12-13

In an increasingly dynamic and complex world characterized by accelerated technological change and widening social inequalities, business leaders must contend with a twofold challenge - being profitable and socially sustainable. The paper addresses emerging business leadership strategies in mapping organizational goals against the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with specific focus on marginalized communities such as women, unemployed youth, underprivileged children, and persons abled differently. These groups face systematic exclusion from access to resources, education, employment, and leadership. Business leaders are thus compelled to undertake inclusive, adaptive, and ethical leadership strategies that overtly attempt to overturn these imbalances while converging with global development agendas. In this manner, sustainable development is no longer a corporate obligation but a strategic imperative. Cross-sector collaboration becomes a primary strategy, enabling businesses to co-create impact in collaboration with governments, civil society, and communities. Real-world case studies will demonstrate how businesses can empower vulnerable communities by aligning business strategy with SDGs to deliver concrete social and environmental outcomes while enhancing their competitiveness. Thereby, progressive businesses need to apply tech-enabled innovative solutions and develop inclusive solutions that empower marginalized groups through job opportunities, education, and skills training. These actions foster equity while enhancing organizational performance, demanding innovative business leadership capable of integrating sustainability, equity, and inclusion into organizational strategy and practice. The core argument is that sustainable development is only achievable if business leaders drive equity and innovation—not as peripheral initiatives, but as core leadership imperatives. The paper calls for a leadership paradigm shift that goes beyond tokenism to actually embed equity, empowerment, and sustainability at the core of business strategy. In so doing, leaders can stimulate inclusive growth, create resilience, and contribute meaningfully toward a fair and sustainable world.

Holistic Pathways to Resilience: Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Development in Western Kenya

William Wanyonyi Wamalwa — 2025-12-13

This study examines the role of integrated approaches in advancing sustainable development in Western Kenya, with a focus on the interconnections between education, equity, ecological justice, peace, and mental well-being. Employing a mixed-methods design, the research combined household surveys with interviews and focus group discussions to capture both measurable outcomes and community perspectives. The findings reveal that while education and equity remain foundational pillars of development, mental health emerged as the most significant determinant of resilience and progress, underscoring its critical yet often overlooked role. Ecological challenges such as soil erosion and recurrent flooding were shown to exacerbate livelihood insecurity and fuel local conflicts, highlighting the inseparability of environmental sustainability and peace-building. The study concludes that fragmented interventions are insufficient; rather, sustainable transformation requires localized, community-driven strategies that integrate education, equity, ecology, peace, and mental well-being. These insights contribute to Kenya’s Vision 2030, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and Africa’s Agenda 2063 by providing evidence for holistic and context-specific models of development.

Aligning Internal Communication and Innovative Leadership Strategies for Successful Mergers and Sustainable Growth

Samantha Kegehi Machayo — 2025-12-13

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) are widely pursued as strategies for organizational expansion and competitiveness, yet evidence consistently shows that many fail to achieve their intended outcomes. In Kenya’s financial sector, where mergers have become increasingly common, these failures are often linked to ineffective internal communication and leadership misalignment. Such shortcomings undermine organizational integration and threaten the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), which emphasizes inclusive and sustainable economic progress. This study examined how the synergy between internal communication and innovative leadership strategies can enhance merger success and sustainable growth in the financial sector. The research examined two significant cases: KCB Group’s 2019 acquisition of the National Bank of Kenya and Equity Group’s 2020 merger with Banque Commerciale du Congo (BCDC). A qualitative descriptive research design was employed, drawing on 15 semi-structured interviews with senior leaders and communication managers, complemented by analysis of internal documents covering the period 2019–2025. Thematic analysis provided insights into how communication reinforced leadership intent and how leadership lent strategic authority to communication practices. Findings revealed that synergy between leadership and communication produced four key outcomes: reduced uncertainty through transparent messaging, stronger trust through alignment of words and actions, enhanced employee engagement through participatory dialogue, and sustained culture through communication-led sensemaking. When communication occurred without strong leadership support, it lacked authority, and when leadership acted without communicative depth, it created disconnect. Effective mergers required the two dimensions working in tandem to maintain continuity and foster confidence. The study advances communication theory by highlighting synergy as a determinant of leadership effectiveness in change contexts. Practically, it recommends embedding communication-leadership taskforces in M&A processes. For policy, it calls for integrating communicative competence into leadership training within financial institutions.

Influence of Supplier Performance as a Mediator on the Relationship of Project Completion in Kenya

Duncan Tangara Wanzala — 2025-12-13

One of the determining features of project success is supplier performance; this is especially true in the context of healthcare projects in which the on-time delivery, compliance with the quality standards, and adherence to the agreement are directly responsible. This paper defines healthcare projects as formal projects, which have formal budgets and deliverables to enhance service provision in the field of healthcare in Kenya. These were: hospital construction and supplying equipment, disease-specific (HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, maternal and child health), supply chain, and workforce capacity-building. The criteria were that the funded projects were to be official ones fundable by the national government, county governments, or international donors like USAID, World Bank, and Global Fund, but informal, private, and non-health projects were not eligible. Based on the Stakeholder Theory and the Supply Chain Integration Theory, which jointly account for the enhanced performance of projects using collaboration and coordinated supply chains, the paper discussed the mediating variables of the relationship between stakeholder involvement and project completion in the healthcare sector, which is the performance of the supplier. The descriptive and explanatory design was used, and data were collected on 223 respondents in 47 counties. The data were calculated in the form of descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression formulas. The census method has been taken, and a survey of the 223 funded healthcare projects has been conducted. This method was selected due to the fact that the number of projects was manageable and enabled extensive coverage without minimal errors in sampling, thus having some probability that the results were representative of the healthcare sector in Kenya. The performance of the suppliers was estimated based on the delivery on time, quality of products, adherence to the contract, and readiness to satisfy the project requirements. The results indicated that, as a mediating factor between stakeholder engagement and project completion (β = 0.317, p < 0.05), although stakeholder engagement contributes directly to completion, a portion of that contribution is attributed to excellent supplier performance. There were more completion rates, accountability, and sustainability of projects that had reliable suppliers. This research suggests that performance-based systems of supplier assessment and ongoing monitoring mechanisms should be used by implementing agencies with the view of enhancing efficiency and timely delivery of health services.

Influence of Stakeholder Engagement on Completion of Funded Healthcare Projects in Kenya

Duncan Tangara Wanzala — 2025-12-13

Healthcare programs play a critical role in Kenya to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as outlined in the Vision 2030 and the Kenya Health Policy (2014-2030). The health sector plays a critical role in achieving equitable access to quality healthcare services, improved social welfare, and national development. A significant amount of sponsored healthcare projects, however, continue to experience challenges, including delays, cost increases, mismanagement of budget, stalled facilities, and unfinished implementation despite the national, local governments, and foreign donations of large amounts. Such inefficiencies often contribute to the waste of resources, poor service delivery, and loss of trust by the citizens in the healthcare system. This research sought to fill in the research gaps of prior studies which often viewed stakeholder engagement as a symbolic aspect and not a systematic process of governance, by considering the effect of stakeholder engagement on the completion of funded healthcare projects in Kenya. The concept of stakeholder engagement was to be an accountability-based, participatory measure that fosters ownership, inclusiveness, and transparency in project planning and implementation. The research design was a descriptive and explanatory study of about 223 funded healthcare projects in all 47 counties in Kenya and anchored on the Stakeholder Theory, Agency Theory, and Institutional Theory. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to procurement officers, project managers, suppliers, and monitoring and evaluation staff, representing diverse stakeholder categories. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between stakeholder engagement and project completion. The results revealed that stakeholder engagement has a significant and positive influence on project completion, explaining 32.9% of the variance (β = 0.547, p < 0.001). Projects with higher levels of stakeholder engagement exhibited superior performance in timeliness, budget adherence, quality of output, stakeholder satisfaction, and sustainability. The study identified inclusivity, effective communication, participatory decision-making, transparency, and accountability as critical elements of engagement. However, weak feedback mechanisms were found to limit the transformative and long-term benefits of engagement practices. The research concludes that stakeholder engagement is a measurable, strategic, and policy-relevant factor of successful completion of funded healthcare projects in Kenya.

Influence of Human Resource Competency on Implementation of Electronic Logistics in FMCG Manufacturing Firms in Nairobi County

Grace Naipei Mpaayei — 2025-12-13

Human resource competency is crucial in adopting and implementing electronic logistics (e-logistics) in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) manufacturing firms. The Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) manufacturing sector significantly contributes to Kenya’s economy, accounting for approximately 9.2% of the country’s GDP and employing a substantial portion of the workforce in the manufacturing industry. The core of this persistent struggle lies in the weak or inadequate human resource competency that underpin logistics operations. E-logistics. The study objective was to assess the influence of human resource competency on the implementation of electronic logistics in FMCG manufacturing firms in Nairobi. The study used descriptive and explanatory design to achieve the research objectives. The study targeted 309 respondents drawn from logistics, supply chain, procurement, finance, IT, marketing departments of the representative FMCG firms. This research used stratified sampling, and 6 clusters of departments were used to categorize participants, while simple random sampling was utilized to select participants from each individual cluster. The researcher utilized questionnaires as instruments for data collection. The structured questionnaires contained close-ended questions to provide rich quantitative data for quantitative analysis. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 to analyze data. The independent variable was the human resource competency while the dependent variable was the implementation of electronic logistics. The survey of 151 respondents revealed mixed readiness in human resource competency for e-Logistics implementation in FMCG firms. While 62.9% agreed employees possess technical skills, 52.3% felt training was inadequate, and 53.7% said staff couldn’t troubleshoot basic issues. Although 60.9% acknowledged strong management support, only 38.4% felt capable of addressing technical problems, highlighting a gap between leadership intent and staff execution. Awareness of e-Logistics efficiency was high (58.3%), but 55.6% noted poor investment in continuous skill development. Motivation remained low, with only 36.5% feeling encouraged, and 61.6% citing weak HR policies. These findings suggest the need for ongoing, practical training, policy reform, and employee incentives to fully harness e-Logistics’ potential. Regression analysis revealed that by increasing Human Resource Competency by 0.894.

The Influence of Selected Positioning Strategies on the Growth of Local Sales among Tea Manufacturers in Kenya

Humphrey M. Mwangi — 2025-12-13

This study analysed the influence of selected positioning strategies on the growth of local sales among tea manufacturers in Kenya, within the framework of sustainable development and innovative business leadership. Tea plays a critical role in Kenya's socio-economic development, yet the majority, over 90% of the tea produced in the country is exported leaving only 10% for domestic sales. The implication is excessive reliance on external markets which exposes the industry to global price volatility. As such, strengthening the local market is vital for the sustainability of the industry. The research focused on four positioning strategies; product attributes, product user-based positioning, quality, and competitor-based positioning. The anchoring theory was the Resource Based View Theory. The study was guided by the positivist paradigm utilizing the descriptive survey design to analyse quantitative data. The population comprised 319 tea manufacturers registered with the Tea Board of Kenya (TBK), encompassing 98 tea factories and 221 tea packers. The Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table was applied to select a sample size of sample size of 175 participants. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect primary data which was analysed using SPSS to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. Simple linear regression evaluated the influence positioning strategy, while multiple regression tested their combined effects. The findings showed that the selected positioning strategies collectively explained 25.9% of the variance in the growth of local tea sales (Adjusted R² = 0.259). The regression model was statistically significant (F = 11.230, df = 4,113, p < 0.001), and each of the four positioning strategies had a significant positive effect on local sales. From the above findings, positioning strategies that focus on quality and beating competition were found to be most effective in boosting local tea sales. These findings reiterate the need to focus on innovative marketing, strategic brand positioning, and market-responsive leadership in the agricultural sector.

The Impact of Distribution (Place) Strategies on the Growth of Local Sales among Tea Manufacturers in Kenya

Humphrey M. Mwangi — 2025-12-13

This study examined the impact of place (distribution) strategies on the growth of local sales among tea manufacturers in Kenya. Tea contributes 23% of the country’s foreign exchange earnings and supports livelihood of over 600,000 smallholder farmers and five million Kenyans along the value chain. According to Omari (2015), Kenya exports over 90% of the total tea production leaving less than 10% for domestic market sales which exposes tea manufacturers and small-scale farmers to worldwide price fluctuations, unlike other leading tea-producing nations. Strengthening the local market sales is important economic resilience and long-term sustainability. The study focused on three distribution (place) strategies; intensive distribution, selective distribution, and exclusive distribution. This study is anchored on the Product Life Cycle concept (PLC). The study adopted a positivist paradigm, a descriptive survey design with a quantitative approach. The target population comprised 319 tea manufacturers registered with the Tea Board of Kenya, comprising 221 tea packers and 98 tea factories. A sample size of 175 was obtained using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table. This study used proportional stratified random sampling to ensure equal presentation from the sub-populations. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. To analyse impact of distribution (place) strategies on growth of local sales among tea manufacturers in Kenya simple linear regression was used and multiple linear used to test combined effect of intensive strategy, selective strategy and exclusive strategy. The study’s outcome indicated that distribution (place) strategies have a significant influence on growth of local sales among tea manufacturers in Kenya (β = 0.913, t = 7.687, p < 0.05). The findings indicated place (distribution) strategies collectively explained 45.1% of the variance in the growth of local tea sales. The omnibus F-test confirmed that the set of predictors significantly improves prediction beyond the intercept alone (F (3, 114) = 31.262, p < 0.001), indicating distribution (place) is an important determinant of local sales. The study concludes that widespread adoption of distribution strategies, particularly the use of intensive and selective approaches, highlights a strategic inclination toward maximizing market reach while maintaining operational control.

Determinants of Relapse in Addiction Clients Soon After Rehabilitation: A Case Study of Selected Rehabilitation Centres in Nairobi

Marie-Therese Kiago — 2025-12-13

From 2019, there has been a significant increase in relapse rates in Kenya, with an increase in substance abuse and recovering addicts relapsing soon after rehabilitation. Despite the establishment of rehabilitation centers, relapse rates continue to rise. The study investigated the determinants of relapse in addiction clients soon after rehabilitation in selected rehabilitation centres in Nairobi. The specific objectives were: to examine the effect of aftercare activities on relapse, to establish the effect of financial stability on relapse, to determine the effect of external support systems on relapse and to ascertain the relationship between peer influence on relapse in selected rehabilitation centres in Nairobi. The study used Cognitive Behavioural Theory and Strategic Family Therapy Theory. The study was conducted at Joseph Kangethe, Mustakim main rehabilitation, Ahadi, and Pearl rehabilitation centers in Nairobi with the pilot being conducted at Mustakim day rehabilitation centre 3^rd street, near Mathare Valley. The study employed descriptive research design and census sampling technique with a target population comprised 200 clients and 10 staff from the Rehabilitation Centres. The study employed a questionnaire to collect quantitative data and an interview guide that collected qualitative data. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive such as mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as correlation and regression analysis with qualitative analysis analysed thematically with findings presented in narration format. The results showed a 99% relapse rate among the respondents, with aftercare activities, financial stability, external support systems, and peer influence significantly influencing relapse in addiction clients soon after rehabilitation. The analysis shows majority of respondents 99(52.1%) agreed bad company led respondents to use substances while 101 respondents (53.2%) agreed their families support helped them control their drug urges. The study recommends inclusion of structured aftercare programs including follow up for financial literacy classes, supportive home environments, and community outreach with a peer drive approach against stigma. Future research should include mandatory follow-up visits by rehabilitation centers up to 6 weeks after reintegration, investigation into policies on coping mechanisms structure in rehabilitation centers, and examining the impact of external support groups on minimizing relapse among re-integrated addicts.

Effect of Strategic Communication on the Performance of Constituency Development Funds in Narok North, Kenya

Simaton Kamaamia — 2025-12-13

The performance of constituency development funds in Kenya has attracted significant attention due to its crucial role in promoting local development. The effective use of constituency development funds has contributed to the construction of essential infrastructure such as schools, roads, and health facilities, thereby improving access to education, transportation, and healthcare services. These developments have enhanced the overall quality of life for many communities. However, despite these positive outcomes, the performance of constituency development funds has been undermined by persistent challenges, including mismanagement of funds, inadequate accountability, and corruption, which have limited its potential to achieve equitable and sustainable local development outcomes. The study sought to establish the effect of strategic communication on the performance of constituency development funds in Narok North, Kenya. Strategic management theory anchored the research. The study adopted explanatory research design targeting 219 project managers, committee members and community representatives (village elders and religious leaders) that were involved in the ongoing constituency development funds projects in Narok North constituency for the 2022/2024 financial year. Sample size was 142 respondents obtained using simple random sampling while data was collected using structured questionnaires using drop and pick later method. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. Descriptive results showed that the respondents agreed to a great extent that strategic communication affected the performance of constituency development funds in Narok North, Kenya. Regression findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between strategic communication and performance. Furthermore, strategic communication was strongly and positively correlated with performance of constituency development funds. The study concludes that effective communication strategies play a vital role in the successful implementation of constituency development fund projects. Clear, transparent, and consistent communication among stakeholders ensures proper coordination, enhances community participation, minimizes misunderstandings, and promotes accountability, ultimately contributing to the overall success and sustainability of constituency development fund initiatives.

From Eden to Ethics: African Theological Perspectives on Genesis 1–3, Artificial Intelligence, and the SDGS

Levis K. Mathu — 2025-12-13

An era defined by rapid technological transformation, the ethical evaluation of artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology demands renewed theological reflection grounded in Scripture and contextual African theology. This study explores Genesis 1–3 as a theological framework for assessing ethical boundaries in artificial creation amidst advances in AI and biotechnology. It addresses a critical gap by integrating African theological perspectives into contemporary technology ethics, thereby enriching Sustainable Development discourse with faith-based moral insight. Through exegetical, theological, and ethical analyses informed by development studies, this research proposes a holistic framework for equitable and responsible technological innovation rooted in Scripture and contextual theology. As global technological progress transforms healthcare, agriculture, communication, and governance, many ethical debates remain detached from theological foundations such as imago Dei, divine sovereignty, and the Creator–creature relationship. These doctrines define the permissible limits of human creativity and serve as moral safeguards against technological hubris. Using a historical-critical and theological-ethical approach, Genesis 1–3 is interpreted as a paradigm that affirms human vocation and creativity (Gen 1:28; 2:15) while establishing divine boundaries that restrain moral excess. The Fall narrative (Gen 3) functions as a theological critique of humanity’s pursuit of autonomy through forbidden knowledge and unrestrained innovation. Drawing from interdisciplinary perspectives in theology, ethics, and science, this study fosters dialogue between Scripture and contemporary debates on AI and biotechnology. It integrates Christian ethics, African moral philosophy, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 9, and 10) as frameworks for evaluating just and sustainable innovation. The research proposes a faith-informed ethical model that reinterprets these SDGs through a biblical lens emphasizing justice, stewardship, and human dignity. By balancing human creativity with divine limits and integrating imago Dei, divine sovereignty, and relational accountability, this study envisions a future where technological advancement serves the common good, promotes human dignity, preserves cultural integrity, and fosters global equity in harmony with God’s moral order for creation.

Imago Dei and Artificial Creation: An Old Testament Theology of Humanity from Genesis 1: 26–27 and Psalm 8 for Sustainable Development

Levis K. Mathu — 2025-12-13

As artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnological systems increasingly reshape human experience, social relationships, and institutional structures, faith communities are called to articulate robust theological frameworks that affirm human dignity and guide ethical innovation. While contemporary AI ethics often prioritize efficiency, autonomy, and technological advancement, they frequently overlook the deeper insights of theological anthropology, particularly the Old Testament’s vision of personhood grounded in covenant, vocation, and divine image-bearing. This study addressed that gap by examining how the biblical concept of imago Dei can inform ethical discernment and theological reflection in the age of machine intelligence. The research focused on Genesis 1:26–27 and Psalm 8, employing historical-critical and canonical approaches to trace their original meaning and ongoing theological trajectory. Genesis 1 was interpreted as a foundational theological text that defines human identity through divine image-bearing, relational stewardship, and moral vocation under God’s sovereignty. Psalm 8 was analyzed as a poetic and liturgical affirmation of humanity’s covenantal dignity and delegated authority within creation. Together, these texts construct a biblical anthropology emphasizing relational dependence on God and moral responsibility toward creation. Engaging these biblical perspectives with contemporary debates on AI and biotechnology, the study explored their ethical relevance to justice, equity, and sustainability, particularly in light of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 3, 9, 10, and 16). The research argues that the Old Testament offers a distinct theological vision of humanity defined not by technological capacity but by divine calling and relational accountability. This vision provides practical ethical tools, stewardship, justice, and communal responsibility that can guide churches, scholars, and policymakers in assessing the use and moral boundaries of AI and biotechnology. Incorporating African contextual theology, the study applies biblical anthropology to concerns of technological inequality, cultural autonomy, and sustainable human flourishing. Ultimately, it proposes a faith-rooted ethical framework for navigating the theological and moral implications of artificial creation.

Linguistic Equity for Sustainable Development: A Critical Analysis of Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Language Policy and Sustainable Development Goals in Kenya

Cathleen Karianjahi — 2025-12-13

This paper employs a qualitative documentary research methodology to conduct a critical analysis of the intersection between language policy, Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Kenya. It argues that the systematic marginalization of persons with speech, language, and communication needs (SLCN) arises from a profound policy-practice dissonance embedded within Kenya’s development architecture. Using a systematic review and critical discourse analysis of national policy documents (2010–2024), international frameworks, and academic and grey literature, the study identifies a recurring pattern of omission, implicit bias, and strategic ambiguity surrounding issues of communication accessibility. The findings indicate that, while Kenya’s 2010 Constitution and its international obligations—including the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—provide a strong normative framework for inclusion, sector-specific policies in education, disability, and health do not explicitly mandate, finance, or operationalize AAC provision. This persistent policy silence has produced an unfunded mandate, resulting in fragmented service delivery, limited professional capacity, and minimal institutional coordination across government sectors. Consequently, Kenya’s SDG localization strategies, particularly for Goal 4 (Quality Education), Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and Goal 16 (Peaceful and Inclusive Societies), remain linguistically exclusive and ill-equipped to address the communication rights of persons with SLCN. This exclusion not only reinforces inequality but also undermines the national commitment to “leave no one behind.” The paper concludes that linguistic and communication equity must be recognized as a core pillar of sustainable development. It recommends urgent policy reform, the development of communication-inclusive SDG indicators, dedicated budgetary allocations, and the formulation of a cross-sectoral national AAC strategy to ensure that every Kenyan can participate meaningfully in social, educational, and civic life.