The Relevance of Transformational Leadership for Strengthening Ecumenical Unity and Institutional Renewal in the Christian Council of Togo
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Ecumenical institutions play a vital role in fostering Christian unity and providing a collective
moral witness within diverse ecclesial and socio-political contexts. In Togo, the Christian
Council of Togo (CCT) was established to promote unity among Protestant churches and
engage society on issues of justice, peace, and development. However, the Council continues to
face challenges related to leadership effectiveness, internal cohesion, and public credibility.
This study examines the relevance of transformational leadership for strengthening ecumenical
unity and institutional renewal within the CCT. Adopting a qualitative, interpretivist approach,
data were collected through semi-structured interviews with approximately thirty participants,
including national and regional leaders, member church representatives, and youth and women
involved in ecumenical activities. Thematic analysis was used to interpret participants’
experiences and perceptions. Findings indicate that the CCT’s limited effectiveness is shaped
by internal factors such as leadership rivalries, weak governance, denominational competition,
communication gaps, and resource conflicts, as well as external pressures including political
sensitivities and socio-economic constraints. The study concludes that transformational
leadership, complemented by servant and relational approaches, provides a practical
framework for promoting unity, restoring credibility, and enhancing institutional effectiveness.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
How to Cite
References
- Adedibu, B. (2023). Church leadership and accountability in Africa: Contemporary challenges and prospects. Journal of African Christian Thought, 26(1), 45–60.
- Adogame, A. (2021). African Christianities in the 21st century: Continuity and change. Studies in World Christianity, 27(1), 1–15.
- Aidoo, R. (2020). Religion and development in Ghana: The role of faith-based organizations. Journal of African Studies and Development, 12(3), 45–56.
- Alvesson, M., & Einola, K. (2019). Warning for excessive positivity: Authentic leadership and other traps in leadership studies. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.04.001
- Asamoah-Gyadu, J. K. (2013). Contemporary Pentecostal Christianity: Interpretations from an African context. Wipf & Stock.
- Banks, G. C., McCauley, K. D., Gardner, W. L., & Guler, C. E. (2016). A meta-analytic review of authentic and transformational leadership: A test for redundancy. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(4), 634–652.
- Banks, R., & Ledbetter, B. M. (2004). Reviewing leadership: A Christian evaluation of current approaches. Baker Academic.
- Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.
- Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational impact. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Bediako, K. (1995). Christianity in Africa: The renewal of a non-Western religion. Edinburgh University Press.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
- Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- De Gruchy, J. W. (1995). Christianity and democracy: A theology for a just world order. Cambridge University Press.
- Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
- Gathogo, J. (2008). African philosophy as expressed in the concepts of hospitality and ubuntu. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, 130, 39–53.
- Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press.
- Heifetz, R. A., Grashow, A., & Linsky, M. (2009). The practice of adaptive leadership. Harvard Business Press.
- Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461
- Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research ethics for social scientists. SAGE Publications.
- Kärkkäinen, V.-M. (2003). An introduction to ecclesiology: Ecumenical, historical, and global perspectives. InterVarsity Press.
- Kaunda, C. J. (2020). Public theology in Africa: Critical perspectives on church and society. HTS Teologiese Studies, 76(2), 1–9.
- Kgatle, M. S. (2022). Leadership and governance challenges in African Pentecostal churches. Verbum et Ecclesia, 43(1), 1–8.
- Kobia, S. (2003). The courage to hope: The roots for a new vision and the calling of the church in Africa. WCC Publications.
- Kukah, M. H. (2012). Witness to justice: An insider’s account of Nigeria’s truth commission. Bookcraft.
- Marshall, R. (2009). Political spiritualities: The Pentecostal revolution in Nigeria. University of Chicago Press.
- Niemandt, N. (2019). Missional leadership. Verbum et Ecclesia, 40(1), 1–8.
- Northouse, P. G. (2022). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Oduyoye, M. A. (2001). Introducing African women’s theology. Sheffield Academic Press.
- Öhlmann, P., Frost, M., & Gräb, W. (2020). African initiated Christianity and the decolonisation of development. HTS Teologiese Studies, 76(3), 1–10.
- Ojo, M. A. (2021). Christian unity and national integration in Nigeria: The role of ecumenical bodies. Studies in World Christianity, 27(2), 123–140.
- Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Phiri, I. A. (2004). African women of faith speak out. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, 118, 66–84.
- Rouse, R., & Neill, S. C. (1954). A history of the ecumenical movement 1517–1948. SPCK.
- Roxburgh, A. J. (2015). Joining God, remaking church, changing the world. Morehouse Publishing.
- Roxburgh, A. J., & Romanuk, F. (2006). The missional leader: Equipping your church to reach a changing world. Jossey-Bass.
- Sanneh, L. (2003). Whose religion is Christianity? The gospel beyond the West. Eerdmans.
- Shore, L. M., Cleveland, J. N., & Sanchez, D. (2018). Inclusive workplaces: A review and model. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.003
- Tourish, D. (2013). The dark side of transformational leadership: A critical perspective. Routledge.
- Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational leadership theory: Exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 654–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.007
- Wainwright, G. (1986). Ecumenical method: A primer for Christian unity. Eerdmans.
- World Council of Churches. (2013). The church: Towards a common vision. WCC Publications.
- Wright, C. J. H. (2010). The mission of God’s people: A biblical theology of the church’s mission. Zondervan.
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.